The State (STAI-S) and Trait (STAI-T) versions of the Spielberger Anxiety Inventory test and the Profile of Mood State (POMS) tests were administered to participants before the electrical stimulation and TSST protocols. We also measured HF, LF and LF/HF Heart Rate Variability ratio immediately after electrical stimulation and TSST exposure.

When measuring anxiety, it is critical to make the distinction between anxiety as an immediate emotional state versus anxiety as a personality trait. In the creation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Charles Spielberger and his co-authors conceptualized state anxiety as aversive, conscious feelings of nervousness, tension, apprehension, and worry experienced in the immediate moment which are associated with arousal of the autonomic nervous system (Spielberger et al. For example, someone driving a car pulled over by the police for speeding would likely experience a high level of state anxiety. Trait anxiety was conceptualized as.

When measuring anxiety, it is critical to make the distinction between anxiety as an immediate emotional state versus anxiety as a personality trait. In the creation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Charles Spielberger and his co-authors conceptualized state anxiety as aversive, conscious feelings of nervousness, tension, apprehension, and worry experienced in the immediate moment which are associated with arousal of the autonomic nervous system (Spielberger et al. The mysteries of alfred the hedgehog games.

For example, someone driving a car pulled over by the police for speeding would likely experience a high level of state anxiety. Trait anxiety was conceptualized as.